这是本文档旧的修订版！
杂项
Generate RSA key
# 生成 RSA 私钥（传统格式的） openssl genrsa -out rsa_private_key.pem 1024 # 生成 RSA 公钥 openssl rsa -in rsa_private_key.pem -pubout -out rsa_public_key.pem # 将传统格式的私钥转换成 PKCS#8 格式的 openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -inform PEM -in rsa_private_key.pem -outform PEM -nocrypt
Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know
- 最新数据与历史数据
Latency Comparison Numbers (~2012) ---------------------------------- L1 cache reference 0.5 ns Branch mispredict 3 ns L2 cache reference 4 ns Mutex lock/unlock 17 ns Main memory reference 100 ns Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 2,000 ns 2 us Send 2,000 bytes over commodity network 44 ns 0 us SSD random read 16,000 ns 16 us Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 3,000 ns 3 us Round trip within same datacenter 500,000 ns 500 us Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* 49,000 ns 49 us Disk seek 2,000,000 ns 2,000 us 2 ms Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 825,000 ns 825 us 1 ms Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 150,000,000 ns 150,000 us 150 ms Notes ----- 1 ns = 10^-9 seconds 1 us = 10^-6 seconds = 1,000 ns 1 ms = 10^-3 seconds = 1,000 us = 1,000,000 ns
- 2012年的数据:
- latency.txt
Latency Comparison Numbers (~2012) ---------------------------------- L1 cache reference 0.5 ns Branch mispredict 5 ns L2 cache reference 7 ns 14x L1 cache Mutex lock/unlock 25 ns Main memory reference 100 ns 20x L2 cache, 200x L1 cache Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 3,000 ns 3 us Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network 10,000 ns 10 us Read 4K randomly from SSD* 150,000 ns 150 us ~1GB/sec SSD Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 250,000 ns 250 us Round trip within same datacenter 500,000 ns 500 us Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* 1,000,000 ns 1,000 us 1 ms ~1GB/sec SSD, 4X memory Disk seek 10,000,000 ns 10,000 us 10 ms 20x datacenter roundtrip Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 20,000,000 ns 20,000 us 20 ms 80x memory, 20X SSD Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 150,000,000 ns 150,000 us 150 ms Notes ----- 1 ns = 10^-9 seconds 1 us = 10^-6 seconds = 1,000 ns 1 ms = 10^-3 seconds = 1,000 us = 1,000,000 ns Credit ------ By Jeff Dean: http://research.google.com/people/jeff/ Originally by Peter Norvig: http://norvig.com/21-days.html#answers Contributions ------------- 'Humanized' comparison: https://gist.github.com/hellerbarde/2843375 Visual comparison chart: http://i.imgur.com/k0t1e.png
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